Re: advice for new boat owners
Unless something was wired way wrong, I can't imagine it doing more damage than blowing a fuse. Most trucks these days have specific trailer tow circuits as well that isolate the trailer lights from the rest of the trucks wiring system and lights.
On some vehicles with factory light modules, it's wise to wire trailer lights in with a relay or converter module if you have amber rear turn signals.
I rarely unplug any of my trailers, mostly since I just plain forget and have never had any problem other than the occasion popped bulb from the hot bulb hitting the cold water. Never a short, never a blown fuse. One some newer trailers with surge brakes, there's a reverse solenoid that must be hooked up to allow backing.
Who is telling you there's major damage? What type of damage? How was the trailer and truck wired? What type of truck?