For proper adhesion of anything there has to be surface area and the adhesive has to be able to work with dissimilar materials and then there's the issue of the surface being sealed by paints.
The things you mentioned being glued together don't have the relentless force and friction of water working against them.
Transducer bracket, it doesn't have hardly any surface area where it mounts to the transom.
Trim tabs, small mounting surfaces to the transom when compared to the amount of force applied to the tabs surface area by the water.
I get the fear and loathing of hole punching in the transom. When you put it in perspective though, a couple 3/16" holes to mount a transducer or speedo pitot is nothing. Look around at the transom, there's 1/2" OB mounting holes bored through, the 1" splashwell drain tube holes, the clamshell passthroughs the scores of rivet heads for the interior brackets and if you have an IO, whoa now there's a big ole hole. So all of these holes are done right and sealed so there isn't a problem.