Hey Skiffman sounds like you have a good plan.
Few answers for ya..
When you make the holes im assuming your using a hole saw. When pouring..put those pucks back in your hole ( like you said ). Weigh them down flush so you dont have to deal with them before you glass.
As WOG said..no way should you pour while your tabbing is green. Wait till its cured..or pour first and then tab and deck. Obviously you have your deck screwed down to the stringers for this way to work. As far as putting cabosil on your stringer to deck mating surface..well there is some disagreement on that. Personally I like to screw and glue it down. Dry fit the deck..pilot hole..pull it up..caulk it..screw it down. You could use 4200 fast cure if you can caulk and screw down fast enough.
If you have closed compartments under the deck..be careful when pouring. Well..be careful pouring anyways..but compartments can trap air if your not paying attention. Ive seen the pressure POP decks up. Not like an explosion..but one hell of a scary POW!
You can do this in a day no problem. Doing one layer at a time can pose some problems..like little burrs sticking up etc. So yea..do it all in one shot if you can. If your deck heats up a little from the foam ( Stuff does get hot )..let it cool down before you layup.
4 yards per gallon is a guide. Linear or square..doesnt really matter. It takes what you give it. But you got the resin thing covered anyways
If you have time..yea..put some gelcoat on it while your all gung ho.
20 bucks a gallon is a sweet deal. Hopefully its not the stuff that kicks off in 5 minutes..without warning lol. Might want to do a test pint to see what the pot life is first.
Your right on track man..good luck.