A 46"x30" piece of plywood is a third of a sheet, you could cut that piece out of a sheet and put the rest in the garage and have 2 spare pieces left for when the first one rots out... but sealing a piece up the best you can and just showing your boat a little bit of care will make that third of a sheet last a long time. Seal both sides and the edges real good with multiple coats of whatever you decide to use (you could use exterior grade house paint if you want.
The thing that will kill that piece of plywood the quickest is the carpet you want to put on it. Carpet absorbs and holds moisture, so if you don't seal that wood real well the moisture will migrate from the carpet to the wood.
If you'll keep your boat covered, garaged, or just turned over bottom up to keep the rain and snow off the carpet on the plywood and keep the carpet dry... that plywood will last until after you get the 14 footer.
If your boat was bigger with more wood to seal I'd suggest sealing everything with epoxy resin for a lifetime of protection, but being what it is any good grade exterior sealer or paint will work for what you want.